Wine is a fruit crop of creeping shrubs belonging to the family Vitaceae. The fruit is usually used to make grape juice, jelly, wine, grape seed oil and raisins, or eaten directly. The fruit is also known because it contains much polyphenol compounds and resveratol an active role in various metabolisms, and be able to prevent the formation of cancer cells and various other diseases. This activity is also associated with the presence of secondary metabolites in grapes that act as an antioxidant compound that can counteract free radicals.
This plant has been cultivated since 4000 BC in the Middle East. However, processing grapes into wine was discovered in 2500 BC by the Egyptians. Only Some time later, this process soon spread to Various parts of the world, ranging from the Black Sea region, Spain, Germany, France, and Austria. Spread the fruit is growing rapidly with a trip the Columbus WHO Brought this fruit around the world.
Benefits of Fruit Wine
Wine has many health benefits because they contain different types of secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and anthocyanins, and resveratol. Other studies revealed that the active compounds in wine can increase the role of endothelial cells in blood flow in the arteries associated with the activity of smooth muscle cells. Through this mechanism, the risk of heart attack can be reduced. In addition, the wine also contains antioxidant compounds that power many of its more powerful than vitamin C and vitamin E. In the body, wine flavonoids can increase the production of good fats (HDL) while lowering triglycerides circulating in the blood.
Growing Conditions
Altitude 25-300 m above sea level, temperature 25-310 C, 75-80% air humidity, radiation intensity 50% - 80%, 3-4 dry months, rainfall 800 mm / yr and soil pH 6-7. Type of soil: clay and sandy clay (alluvial and grumosol).
Media Land
- Clean land, hoe / plow until crumbly.
- Liming on acid soils dose of 5 tons / ha.
- Create channels of irrigation water intake and discharge
- Make the planting hole 60x60x50 cm / 75x75x70 cm, spacing 3 x 3 m / 5 x 4 m, keringanginkan + 2-4 weeks, fill in the soil layer below the bottom of the hole.
- Mix topsoil: manure (+ 20-40): sand ratio of 1:1:2 and Natural GLIO + 50-10 grams / hole and fill to the top of the hole.
Seed Preparation
Seedlings ready for planting age 1.5 - 2 moon, roots 5-10 cm, grow up healthy, sprouted two. Needs seed spacing 3 x 3 cm 890 stems / ha, spacing of 5 x 4 cm by 500 stems / ha. A month before planting, grape seed elected adapted around the land
Planting
Planting time at the end of the rainy season (April to June). Sprinkle seeds DNG NASA POC (1-2 ttp/10 lt of water) + 1 week before planting. Give shade while. NASA POC ttp/tangki/10 Spray 1-2 days until the age + 3 months after planting.
Irrigation
Watering young plants 1-2 times a day and adults 3 days. Three weeks before pruning, watering is stopped and 2-3 days after cutting the water supplied again. Watering after fertilization and was stopped before picking fruit.
Land kept clean of weeds and soil-lawyer-loose-an (Irrigation) is done once a month for the field of clean and loose.
Fertilizing the soil evenly distributed and mixed in a circle as far as 25 cm from the trunk and then closed and irrigated or by casting fertilizer. Fertilization based on plant age, namely: Young plants up to age 6 months (per tree)
Making Propagation
- The model-para, para-pole installed according to the spacing of wine with a height of 2 to 3.5 m and mounted rack in the form of woven wire or bamboo or wood, the distance eye webbing + 40 cm.
- Model Fence / Kniffin, made-shaped fence. The distance between poles 3-5 m and a height of 150-200 cm, connect with a wire that is placed horizontal row of 2-3. The first wire at the bottom located 60 cm from soil surface, and wire on top is 70 cm.
- Model shrubs, trees or wood in the form of ordinary, then the top is installed where the buffer along the 2 m wide and 2 m.
- Installation done before the plant propagation trimmed and shaped.
Trimming and Tree Formation
- Proper pruning time were 1 year old.
- Try each tree has a main stem, primary branches, secondary and tertiary.
- Cut the stem of the plant height loft, so the growth of new shoots (primary branch).
- Two weeks branches that grow lengthwise approximately 1 meter immediately trimmed at the edges in order to grow new shoots (secondary branch).
- Secondary branch length of 1 meter trimmed the growth point for grow new shoots (tertiary branches).
- This tertiary branches that produce fruit.
- Feature branch ready to be cut, the tip shoots his easily broken, and if trimmed dripping water, brown branches.
- Note the visual characteristics of trimmed buds, vegetative buds and generative blunt tapered shape.
- How grape pruning are:
- Short Crop, reserving 1-2 eye
- Prune is, reserving 3-6 eye
- Crop length, reserving 7 or more eye
Management Of Flower And Fruit
- Crop fertilization is done in 2 stages a year ie March - April and July-August and was conducted at tertiary branches which have been aged 1 year
- Branches that grow lush trimmed and leaving 40-10 buds, while the branches that are less fertile leave 1-3 buds
- Branch / twig remaining cuts were spread out and arranged evenly around the surface of the rack, and then tied to the right and left with a rope.
- Spray with HORMONIK dose of 1-2 per tank lid after pruned once every 7-10 days
- Maintain three flower panicles per shoot and cut the new shoots that grow on top of interest to form ovaries
- Rarely a fruit on dompolan 50% - 60%, ie when the fruit size of grains by taking acid fruit items which were located cheek by jowl, long stemmed, abnormal, damaged with a small sterile scissors.
- If the rainy season, pairs of white plastic roof rack and pack the fruit with plastic or paper bags cement
- Pest And Disease Management
Pests.
Phylloxera louse (Phylloxera vitifoliae), sucking fluid roots and leaves. Symptoms: didaun formed small boils and swells like a wart root, resulting in stunted growth, withered and the fruit a little. Control: Cut and burn affected plants, spray or PESTONA Natural BVR
Red mite (Tetranychus sp.), yellow blotches on the leaves and turn black, resulting in stunted and the fruit is reduced. Control; BVR or PESTONA Natural spray
Caterpillar bags (Mahasena corbetti), takes the top surface of the leaf, place small holes in the leaves. Control: Prune and cut heavily infected plants and burn and then spray with PESTONA + NASA POC
Leaf Beetle (Apogonia destructor), eat or damage the leaves, then make small holes on the leaf surface. Control: pairs of light trap and destroy, spray PESTONA
Armyworm (Spodoptera sp.), attacking the leaves until broken and hollow. Control: Spray with Natural VITURA
Grape moth (Paralobesia viteana or Grape Berry Moth), the larvae eat the flowers and fruit are still the old valve and so the fruit is not normal. Control; Discard fruit fall and burn, spray PESTONA later than 14 days before harvest.
Other pests such as termites, rats, birds, squirrels and bats. Control: Sanitation garden, wrap the fruit, to fend off pests and trap pairs
Disease
Flour Fake (Downy mildew), mushrooms Plasmopora viticola, attacking young stems, tendrils, stems of fruit and fruit items. Control; reduce humidity garden (trimmed), cut and destroy infected plants, attach the shade, Natural GLIO + sugar.
Fungus Flour (Powder mildew), Uncinula Necator fungus, attacking all stages of growth. The leaves curl upward and form abnormal covered in flour until slightly darker gray, brown stem pain. Control: Spray Natural GLIO + sugar.
Leaf spots (Cercospora and Alternaria viticola Vitis), resulting patches of brown and black spots so that the shoots and leaves dry and fall off. Control: Sanitation gardens, reducing the humidity garden, cut and destroy infected leaves, spray with Natural GLIO
Leaf rust, mildew Physopella ampelopsidis, there is an orange powder on the underside of the leaves and on the side of the leaves have a yellowish green patches and the entire surface covered with a layer of flour so that the leaves dry and fall off. Control: Prune sick leaves and spray with Natural GLIO + sugar
Black Rot (Black Rot), the fungus Guignardia bidwelli, small patches of white on the color of the fruit is almost ripe with brown edge, then settles rotten fruit and black mengeriput like "mummy". Control: Clip the pain, reduce the moisture, wrap the fruit, sugar + Natural GLIO
Scabies (Scab), Mushroom Elsinoe ampelina, attacking all parts of the plant. Gray spots with reddish-brown edge, then the fruit flesh to harden and mangy. Control: Prune the diseased part, sanitation garden, spray Natural GLIO + sugar
Rot Moulds Gray (Gray Mould Rot), Botrytis cinerea fungus, growing on the grapes before cooking. Fruit dark brown, shriveled and rotten. Control: harvest and post harvest handling is good, spray Natural GLIO + sugar.