Shrimp are not currently growing again because of esophageal various diseases including malignant shrimp are white spot or white spot virus. Shrimp farmers in Indonesia is currently a lot of maintenance or Pennaeus vannamei white shrimp. Other names include (giant tiger shrimp, a sort of black tiger shrimp, shrimp kind of leader, a kind of sugpo and grass shrimp) is a marine animal, crustaceans that are widely raised for food. Passive distribution of natural ik western Indonesia, ranging from the coast of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula to Southeast Asia, and the Sea of Japan. They can also be found in Australia, from eastern Austria, and a small number have a colony in the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal. crossings further population in Hawaii and the Atlantic Ocean, including the United States (Florida, Georgia and South Carolina).
Raising shrimp in Indonesia began in the early 1980s, and reached peak production in the year 1985-1995. So at that period of shrimp is the largest foreign exchange earner in fishery products. After 1995, shrimp production on the decline. It is caused by environmental degradation and disease attack.
The location is suitable for shrimp farming in coastal areas that have clay soil or sandy clay texture that easily compressed so that it can hold water and not easily broken.
- Good water is brackish water with salinity 0-33 ppt with optimum temperature 26 - 300C and free from pollution, harmful chemicals.
- Having a water channel entrance / inlet and exit water channels / outlets separately.
- Easy to acquire the means of production of shrimp fry, feed, fertilizer, medicine and others.
- In intensive pond should be available flow of electricity or to have their own generators.
Based on the location, cost and operational execution, the type of cultivation can be divided into:
- Extensive or traditional ponds . Map a pond usually in tidal land that is generally in the form of mangrove swamps. The size and shape of an irregular plot, not to use a fertilizer and drugs and irregular feeding program.
- Semi Intensive ponds . Location of ponds already in open areas, form a regular map but still a large map (1-3 ha / plot), stocking density is low, the use of artificial feed is still small.
- Intensive ponds . Location in a special area for the pond in a vast area, the size of a small map made for the efficiency of water management and monitoring of shrimp, high stocking density, have been using windmills, and a program of good food.
Fries are good to have a level of life (Survival Rate / SR) is high, the power of adaptation to high environmental changes, strongly colored / not pale either black or red, active, healthy and have a complete body tools. Test the quality of fry can be done simply, is put some fries in a container pot or basin to which water, stirring the water with a pretty fresh for 1-3 minutes. Fries are good and healthy it will be resistant to mixing with berenan g round against the flow of water, and after the flow stops, fries remain active.
Land management, including:
- Appointment of mud. Every culture must have left the rest of the cultivation of organic sludge from the rest of the feed, feces from shrimp and shrimp are dead. Dirt should be removed because it is a dangerous poison shrimp. Expenditure mud can be done by mechanical means using a hoe or suction with water pumps / alkon.
- Reversal of Land. Soil in the bottom of the pond need to be reversed in a way hijacked or hoeing to release toxic gases (H2S and Ammonia) are bound to soil particles, to the ground and kill seedlings menggemburkan panyakit because exposure to sunlight / UV.
- Calcification. Aiming to neutralize the acidity of the soil and kill the seeds of disease. Performed with Zeolite and Dolomite lime with each dose of 1 ton / ha.
- Drying. After the limed soil, allow it to land becomes dry and cracked, to kill germs.
- TON fertilizer treatment (Nusantara Organic Farms). To restore soil fertility as well as accelerate the growth of natural food / plankton and neutralize toxic substances, land need TON treated with a dose of 5 bottles / ha for ponds that are still good or are new and 10 bottles of TON for the pond area that is damaged. How insert a TON into the water, then stir until dissolved. Pour evenly into the entire land area of the pond.
After 3 days left, water is inserted into the pond. Importation of the first water as high as 10-25 cm and let a few days, to allow the seeds to grow after the fertilized plankton with TON. Once it entered the water until at least 80 cm. Saponen treatment can be done to kill the fish that enter the pond. To enrich the plankton before fry stocked, water limed with dolomite or Zeolite with a dose of 600 kg / ha.
Scatter fries done after the water became, after the plankton growth is characterized by the brightness of approximately 30-40 cm of water. Stocking fry made with caution, because the fries are still weak and easy to stress to the new environment. Stocking fry stage are:
- Temperature adaptation. Plastic container fries soaked for 15 30 minutes, so there is an adjustment in temperature between the water in the pool and in the plastic.
- Adaptation air. Plastics opened and folded at the edges. Leave it open and float for 15 to 30 minutes for air exchange occurs from free air with air in water in plastic.
- Adaptation to salinity / salinity. Done by splashing water into a plastic pond for 10 minutes. The goal is that of mixing different water salinity, so the fries can adjust to the salinity of pond water.
- Expenditure fries. Done by inserting some plastic tip into the water pond. Let the fries out alone into the pond water. Time fries that do not go out alone, could be incorporated into the pond with hati-hati/perlahan.
At the beginning of cultivation, should be in the area sealed with a waring stocking fry or hapa, to facilitate feeding. Bulkhead can be extended in accordance with the development of shrimp, after 1 week bulkhead can be opened. In the first month to consider the quality of water should always be stable. Addition or change of water done with caution because the shrimp are still susceptible to drastic changes in water conditions. To maintain the stability of water, any addition of new water treated T
Start the age of 30 days of sampling to determine pekembanghan shrimp shrimp by weight. Shrimp normal at the age of 30 days has reached the size (number of shrimp / kg) 250-300. To further sampling is once every 7-10 days. Production of dissolved organic material that come from the dirt and food remains high enough, therefore, should be treated with lime Zeolite water every few days with a dose of 400 kg / ha. At every turn of or addition of water bars
Starting 60 days of age and above, which must be considered is the water quality management and control of the condition of shrimp. Each indicating bad water conditions (indicated by turbid color, low brightness) immediately made the water change and treatment TON 1-2 bottles / ha. If the concentration of organic material in an increasingly high embankment, causing the water quality / environmental shrimp also decreased, resulting in easy shrimp experience stress, which is characterized by not eating, dirty and d iam in the corners of the ponds, which can lead to cannibalism.
Shrimp harvested due to the achievement of harvest weight (normal harvest) and of esophageal disease (emergency harvest). Normal harvest is usually performed at approximately 120 days of age, with normal size average of 40 - 50. Harvest is being conducted emergency if a malignant disease of shrimp in a large scale (eg SEMBV / white spots). Because if not harvested soon, shrimp will be gone or dead.
Shrimp are harvested with the requirements of good quality is a large, hard skin, clean, smooth, shining, full organ, still alive and fresh. Catching shrimp at harvest can be done with dispersive nets or drag nets and taken by hand. When the harvest is good the night or early morning, for shrimp not exposed to hot sun so that the shrimp were dead did not quickly become red or damaged.
There are two kinds of shrimp feed, which is natural food which consists of plankton, small snails, small worms, larvae and detritus (waste rotting animals and plants). Food that is another form of artificial feed pellets. In the semi-intensive cultivation especially intensive, artificial feed is necessary. Due to the high stocking density, natural food which is not enough resulting in stunted growth of prawn and shrimp will arise nature of cannibalism.
Shrimp Pellets are distinguished by a different numbering in accordance with the normal growth of shrimp.
- Age 1-10 days feed 01
- Age 11-15 mixture of 01 with 02 days
- Age 16-30 days feed 02
- Age 30-35 mixture of 02 with 03
- Age 36-50 days feed 03
- Age 51-55 mixture of 03 with 04 or 04S (if using 04S, was given until age 70 days).
- Age 55 to harvest feed 04, when at age 85 days the average size reaches 50, the feed used in 2005 until harvest.
Needs initial feed for every 100,000 tails is 1 kg, then once every 7 days plus 1 kg up to age 30 days. Starting age is carried out checks with the amount of feed in ancho ancho 10% of feed given. Left lift ancho to size 1000-166 is 3 hours, 166-66 size is 2.5 hours, size 66-40 is 2.5 hours and less than 40 is 1.5 hours from delivery.
To increase the growth of shrimp, need to complete the addition of nutrients in feed. Therefore, feed should be mixed with the NASA POC contains essential minerals, proteins, fats and vitamins with a dose of 5 cc / kg feed for 60 days dibwah age and after that 10 cc / kg feed until harvest.
Disease
Some diseases that often attack the shrimp are;
- White Spot. The disease is the primary cause of most of the failure of shrimp farming. Caused by a viral infection SEMBV (Systemic Ectodermal mesodermal Baculo Virus). Attack very quickly, within a few hours the entire population of shrimp in one pool to die. Symptoms: if the shrimp are still alive, swimming on the surface and irregular if it hit the levee directly to death, the presence of white spots on the shell (carapace), is very sensitive to environmental changes. Viruses can evolve multiply and spread through the host, namely crab and shrimp wild, especially the white shrimp. There is no cure for this disease, how to solve it is to be labored to no crab and shrimp into the wild-shrimp pond farming. The stability of pond ecosystems must also be maintained so that the shrimp do not stress and high endurance. So even if has been infected, shrimp still able to live until old enough to be harvested. To maintain the stability of the pond ecosystem pond needs to be nurtured de
- Black Spot / Black Spot. Caused by a virus Monodon Baculo Virus (MBV). There are visible signs of black spots on the shell and is usually followed by bacterial infection, so that other symptoms appear that is the shrimps organ damage. How to prevent: to always maintain the quality of pond water and basic sanitation.
- White Dirt / diarrhea. Caused by high concentrations of feces and ammonia gas in the pond. Symptoms: easy to see, namely the existence of white dirt in the corner of the pond (in the direction of the wind), also followed by a decrease in appetite, so for a long time can cause death. How to prevent: keep the quality of water and made expenditures dirt embankment / siphon on a regular basis.
- Red gills. Characterized by the formation of red color on the gills. Due to the high acidity of pond water, so how to cope with the spreading of lime in pond aquaculture. Land management should also be improved.
- Necrosis. Caused by high concentrations of bacteria in pond water. Symptoms that look is the damage / injury that is black on the tool body, especially on the tail. The fix is to replace the water as much as 1-2 bottles plus a TON treatment / ha, while the shrimp is stimulated to immediately replace the skin (molting) by giving saponen or with calcification.
Diseases of the shrimp largely due to the decline in the quality of aquaculture pond. Therefore, treatment is needed TON good at the time of land preparation and when the new water intake.
